Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

With this study the cattle guard joins the sod house, the windmill, and barbed wire as a symbol of range country on the American Great Plains. A U.S. folk innovation now in use throughout the world, the cattle guard functions as both a gate and a fence: it keeps livestock from crossing, but allows automobiles and people to cross freely. The author blends traditional history and folklore to trace the origins of the cattle guard and to describe how, in true folk fashion, the device in its simplest form—wooden poles or logs spaced in parallel fashion over a pit in the roadway—was reinvented and adapted throughout livestock country.Hoy traces the origins of the cattle guard to flat stone stiles unique to Cornwall, England, then through the railroad cattle guard, in use in this country as early as 1836, and finally to the Great Plains where, probably in 1905, the first ones appeared on roads. He describes regional variations in cattle guards and details unusual types. He provides information on cattleguard makers, who range from local blacksmiths and welders to farmers and ranchers to large manufacturers.In addition to documenting the economic and cultural significance of the cattle guard, this volume reveals much about early twentiethcentury farm and ranch life. It will be of interest not only to folklorists and historians of agriculture and Western America, but also to many Plainsarea farmers, ranchers, and oilmen.

Rural communities

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Law --- Autonomous communities

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Plant ecology. Plant sociology --- Plant communities --- Watt, A S --- 581.555 --- Communities, Plant --- Phytosociology --- Plant associations --- Plant societies --- Biotic communities --- Plant ecology --- Climax and seral communities --- Watt, A. S. --- pattern and process --- plant communities --- symposium proceedings --- 581.555 Climax and seral communities --- Watt, Alexander Stuart --- Plant communities - Congresses --- Watt, A S - (Alexander Stuart)

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Moor flora --- -Moor flora --- -Plant communities --- -Phytogeography --- -Moor plants --- Wetland plants --- Botanical geography --- Botany --- Geobotany --- Geographical distribution of plants --- Plant distribution --- Plant geography --- Plant species --- Plants --- Biogeography --- Disjunct plants --- Communities, Plant --- Phytosociology --- Plant associations --- Plant societies --- Biotic communities --- Plant ecology --- Maps --- Geographical distribution --- Moor plants --- Phytogeography --- Plant communities --- Maps. --- Europe --- bogs --- bryophytes --- ecology --- hydrology --- maps --- mire types --- monographs --- phytosociology --- tables --- wetlands --- -Maps

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Communism --- -Bolshevism --- Communist movements --- Leninism --- Maoism --- Marxism --- Trotskyism --- Collectivism --- Totalitarianism --- Post-communism --- Socialism --- Village communities --- History --- -Communism --- -History --- Bolshevism